Atlas of Ancient and Classical Geography

• Samuel Butler, Atlas of Ancient and Classical Geography, Everyman's Library #451, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., London, 1928. (This is the 9th reprint on an edition first printed in 1907.) Retrieved on 2021-02-10.

• Multiple editions of this work are available, and they are not the same; for example:

  • An Atlas of Antient Geography, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 1871. "New edition, edited by the author's son." Maps engraved by Sidney Hall and Edward Weller.
  • An Atlas of Antient Geography, Carey, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia, 1834. "Stereotyped by J. Howe."

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Owing to the weak state of the Author's eyes, some trifling inaccuracies escaped him when examining the Maps, even with double magnifiers; such as Nogara for Nagara, Motilo for Matilo, Melilaea for Melitaea, &c. The student is requested to excuse these, which can heurdly in any instance occasion him a moment's difficulty, and in all cases may be corrected by the Index subjoined, which, where it differs from the maps, will be found the more accurate of the two.

The quantity of the places mentioned has been ascertained, as far as was in the Author's power, with great labor, by reference to the actual authorities, either Greek prose writers, (who often, by the help of a long vowel, a diphthong, or even an accent, afford a clue to this,) or to the Greek and Latin poets, without at all trusting to the attempts at marking the quantity in more recent works, experience having shown that they are extremely erroneous.

The Author does not flatter himself that he has altogether succeeded in this extremely difficult point, though he has taken great pains with it. In some instances, where there are no means of ascertaining the quantity by poetic usage, custom, derivation, or any authentic source, and in cases where the syllable is known to be common, or is obviously long, the quantity is not marked.

It is certain that the Antients in very many cases had no settled rules for the quantity of proper names. Even in the very best writers we have singular anomalies in the most common, such as Ăpūlia, and Āpūlia, and Appŭlus, in Horace; Sīcănĭus and Sĭcānius, Sĭcŭlus and Sīcĕlĭdes, Sīdōnius and Sīdŏnĭus, Ītalus and Ĭtalus, in Virgil; to say notliing of innumerable instances in other writers. So that they seem in many cases to have reserved to themselves the power of making those vowels which are generally called doubtful, either long or short in the same word, as suited their purpose. Hence we have Bătăvi and Batāvi, Brĭtanni and Brītones, &c. &c.

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La rhetorique ou l’art de parler

• La rhetorique ou l’art de parler, par le R. P. Bernard Lamy, prêtre de l’Oratoire. Trosiéme édition, reveuë & augmentée. À Paris, chez André Pralard, ruë S. Jacques, à l’Occasion. M.DC.LXXXVIII. Avec privilege du Roy. Retrieved on 2020-07-12.

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La Rhetorique, comme le montre l’origine de ce mot qui vient du Grec, est l’Art de parler. On a cette idée de la Rhetorique, que ceux qui la sça- vent, peuvent persuader, c’est à dire parler de manière qu’ils puislent faire entrer celui qui les écoute dans tous leurs sentimens. C’est pourquoi il y en a qui définissent la Rhetorique l’Art de bien parler pour Persuader ; mais il me semble qu’il suffit de dire qu’elle est l’Art de parler : ce qu’on ajoûte de plus est inutile. On scait qu’il ne faut point d’Art pour mal faire, ainsi qui dit l’Art de Parler, marque assez un Art qui apprend à bien parler. Il n’est pas non plus necessaire d’ajoûter, pour Persuader. On n’emploïe l’Art que pour aller à ses fins : nous ne parlons que pour faire entrer dans nos sentimens ceux qui nous écoutent ; c’est pourquoi quand on dit l’Art de Parler, on fait connoître que la fin de cet art est de Persuader, puisque c’est l’intention qu’ont tous ceux qui s’appliquent à bien parler.

Pour réüssir dans le commerce du monde, il ne s’agit que de sçavoir persuader. Celui qui sçait gagner les cœurs, & faire tomber dans son sentiment ceux avec qui il a affaire, ne trouve rien d’impossible. L’art de Parler est par consequent d’un grand usage non seulement pour les écoles, mais dans toute la vie, lorsqu’on achete, lorsqu’on vend, & generalement lorsqu’on traite quelque affaire que ce soit. Il n’y a personne qui ne l’experimente. On le recherche aussi avec empressement, particulierement quand on le doit exercer en Public, dans le Barreau, ou dans les chaires de nos Eglises. Le plaisir qu’il y a d’entretenir un Auditoire nombreux qu’on regarde de haut en bas, & dont on est admiré, fait qu’aussi-tost qu’il paroît quelque Rhetorique, chacun veut Yoir ce que c’est  car on s’en forme cette idée que pour parler éloquemment , il suffit de comprendre les préceptes qu’elle enseigne. On lit donc avec ardeur tout ce qu’on publie de nouveau sur cette matiere ; mais comme on ne devient pas pour cela éloquent, on se dégoute d’abord de ces sortes de lectures, & on croit que c’eft la faute des Auteurs qui ne sçavent pas le secret de l’art qu’ils veulent enseigner.

Les Maîtres ordinaires de Rhetorique donnent eux-mêmes cette vaine esperance à leurs Disciples, qu’il leur suffira de comprendre les Preceptes qu’ils donnent, & qu’aprés les avoir compris, il n’y a pas de sujet sur lequel ils ne puissent parier éloquemment. En quoy ils font voir qu’ils ne sçavent pas ce qu’ils se mélent d’enseigner. H n’y a point d’habile Peintre qui puisse croire qu’on devienne Peintre tout d’un coup, en lifant un traité de Peinture. Dans tous les Arts la pratique est differente de la Theorie ; & ce n’est que cette Theorie qu’on peut expliquer dans les Livres. On ne peut faire autre chose dans une Rhetorique que d’expliquer les Principes de l’Eloquence  c’est pourquoi on n’a pas droit de mépriser les Livres de Rhétorique, parce que l’on ne devient pas éloquent en les lisant, lorsque l’on ne joint point à cette lecture un long & pénible exercice.

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Ad C. Herennium de ratione dicendi

• [Cicero], Ad C. Herrenium de Ratione Dicendi, also known as Rhetorica ad Herennium, with an English translation by Harry Caplan, London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1954. The Loeb Classical Library, 403. ISBN 9789333471251. Retrieved on 2020-07-11.

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The Greek art of rhetoric was first naturalized at Rome in the time of the younger Scipio, and Latin treatises on the subject were in circulation from the time of the Gracchi. But the books by Cato, Antonius, and the other Roman writers have not come down to us, and it is from the second decade of the first century B.C. that we have, in the treatise addressed to Gaius Herennius, the oldest Latin Art preserved entire. Like Cicero’s incomplete De Inventione, which belongs close to it in time, this work reflects Hellenistic rhetorical teaching. Our author, however, gives us a Greek art in Latin dress, combining a Roman spirit with Greek doctrine. It is a technical manual, systematic and formal in arrangement; its exposition is bald, but in greatest part clear and precise. Indeed the writer’s specific aims are to achieve clarity and conciseness, and to complete the exposition of his subject with reasonable speed. He seeks clarity through the use of Roman terms, and of specially selected examples; he seeks conciseness by keeping practical needs always in view, by scrupulously avoiding irrelevant matter, and by presenting methods and principles, not a host of particular illustrations of a given point.

The fact that the treatise appeared, from Jerome’s time on, as a work by Cicero gave it a prestige which it enjoyed for over a thousand years. Because of its position in the MSS. following De Inventione it was in the twelfth century called Rhetorica Secunda; perhaps because of a belief that Cicero wrote the treatise to replace his juvenile De Inventione, it was later called Rhetorica Nova. But Cicero never refers to any work of his which might be identified with our treatise; the disparaging reference in De Oratore 1.2.5 to those “crude and incomplete” essays of his youth is obviously to the two books De Inventione. The picture we draw of our author does not fit the early Cicero, and his doctrines in many crucial instances, as will be seen later, are in sharp contrast with those of De Inventione. Furthermore, the thought and style of the work are unworthy of the mature Cicero.

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Compendium Julium, 2020

The Geography of Strabo

• The Geography of Strabo, literally translated, with notes; the first six books by H. C. Hamilton, Esq., the remainder by W. Falconer, late Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. London, 1854.
  In three volumes: volume  1 ,  2 ,  3 . (Alternatively, volume  1 ,  2 ,  3 .) Retrieved on 2020-07-11.

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If the scientific investigation of any subject be the proper avocation of the philosopher, Geography, the science of which we propose to treat, is certainly entitled to a high place; and this is evident from many considerations. They who first ventured to handle the matter were distinguished men. Homer, Anaximander the Milesian, and Hecataeus, (his fellow-citizen according to Eratosthenes,) Democritus, Eudoxus, Dicaearchus, Ephorus, with many others, and after these Erastosthenes, Polybius, and Posidonius, all of them philosophers.
Nor is the great learning, through which alone this subject can be approached, possessed by any but a person acquainted with both human and divine things, and these attainments constitute what is called philosophy. In addition to its vast importance in regard to social life, and the art of government. Geography unfolds to us the celestial phenomena, acquaints us with the occupants of the land and ocean, and the vegetation, fruits, and peculiarities of the various quarters of the earth, a knowledge of which marks him who cultivates it as a man earnest in the great problem of life and happiness.
Admitting this, let us examine more in detail the points we have advanced.
And first, [we maintain,] that both we and our predecessors, amongst whom is Hipparchus, do justly regard Homer as the founder of geographical science, for he not only excelled all, ancient as well as modern, in the sublimity of his poetry, but also in his experience of social life. Thus it was that he not only exerted himself to become familiar with as many historic facts as possible, and transmit them to posterity, but also With the various regions of the inhabited land and sea, some intimately, others in a more general manner. For otherwise he would not have reached the utmost limits of the earth, traversing it in his imagination.
First, he stated that the earth was entirely encompassed by the ocean, as in truth it is; afterwards he described the countries, specifying some by name, others more generally by various indications, explicitly defining Libya, Ethiopia, the Sidonians, and the Erembi (by which latter are probably intended the Troglodyte Arabians); and alluding to those farther east and West as the lauds Washed by the ocean, for in ocean he believed both the sun and constellations to rise and set.

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The Arabian Nights (translated by Edward Forster)

• The Arabian Nights, in four volumes, translated by Edward Forster. The fourth edition. London, 1815.
  Volume  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 . Retrieved on 2020-07-10.

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During the reign of the Caliph Haroun Alraschid there lived at Bagdad a porter, who, notwithstanding his low and laborious profession, was nevertheless a man of wit and humour. One morning, when he was standing with a large basket before him, in a place where he usually waited for employment, a young lady of a fine figure, covered with a large muslin veil, came up to him, and said with a pleasing air, “Porter, take up your basket and follow me.” The porter, delighted with these few words, pronounced in so agreeable a manner, put it on his head and went after the lady, saying, “Oh happy day! Oh happy meeting!”
The lady stopped at a closed door, and knocked. A venerable Christian, with a long white beard, opened it, and she put some money into his hands without saying a single word; but the Christian, who knew what she wanted, wewt in, and shortly after brought out a large jar of excellent wine. “Take this jar,” said the lady to the porter, “and put it in the basket.” This being done, she desired him to follow her, and walked on; the porter still exclaiming, “Oh day of happiness! Oh day of agreeable surprise and joy!”
The lady stopped at the shop of a seller of fruits and flowers, where she chose various sorts of apples, apricots, peaches, lemons, citrons, oranges, myrtles, sweet basil, lilies, jessamine, and some other sweetscented flowers and plants. She told the porter to put all those things in his basket, and follow her. Passing by a butcher’s shop, she ordered five and twenty pounds of his finest meat to be weighed, which was also put into the porter’s basket.
At another shop she bought some capers, tarragon, small cucumbers, parsley, and other herbs, pickled in vinegar: at another, some pistachios, walnuts, hazel-nuts, almonds, kernels of the pine, and other similar fruits: at a third she purchased all sorts of almond patties. The porter, in putting all these things into his basket, which began to fill it, said: “My good lady, you should have told me, that you intended buying so many things, and I would have provided a horse, or rather a camel, to carry them. I shall have more than I can lift, if you add much to what is already here.” The lady laughed at this speech, and again desired him to follow her.
She then went into a druggist’s, where she furnished herself with all sorts of sweet-scented waters, with cloves, nutmeg, pepper, ginger, a large piece of ambergris, and several other Indian spices, which completely filled the porter’s basket, whom she still ordered to follow her. He did so, till they arrived at a magnificent house, the front of which was ornamented with handsome columns, and at the entrance was a door of ivory. Here they stopped, and the lady gave a gentle knock at the door. While they waited for it to be opened, the porter’s mind was filled with a thousand different thoughts. He was surprised that a lady dressed as this was, should perform the office of housekeeper, for he conceived it impossible for her to be a slave. Her air was so noble, that he supposed her free, if not a person of distinction. He was wishing to ask her some questions concerning her quality and situation, but just as he was preparing to speak, another female who opened the door, appeared to him so beautiful, that he was silent through astonishment, or rather he was so struck with the brilliancy of her charms, that he was very near letting his basket and all that was in it fall; so much did this object make him forget himself. He thought he had never seen any beauty in his whole life that equalled her who was before him. The lady who had brought the porter, observed the disturbed state of his mind, and well knew the cause of it. This discovery diverted her; and she took so much pleasure in examining the countenance of the porter, that she forgot the door was open. “Come in, sister,” said the beautiful portress, “what do you wait for? Don’t you see that this poor man is so heavily laden he can hardly bear it?”

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Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis

• Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, conditum a Carolo Dufresne, Domino du Cange, auctum a monachis Ordinis S. Benedicti, cum supplementis integris D. P. Carpenterii, et additamentis Adelungii et aliorum, digessit G. A. L. Henschel. Parisiis, excudebant Firmin Didot fratres, Instituti Regii Franciae typographi. 1840–1850.
  In seven volumes:  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 . Retrieved on 2020-07-10.
• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis, auctore Carolo Dufresne, Domino Du Cange, Regi à Consiliis, & Franciae apud Ambianos Quaestore. Editio nova locupletior at auctior. Opera et studio monachorum Ordinis S. Benedicti è Congregatione S. Mauri. Parisiis, sub oliva Caroli Osmont, via San-Jacobaea. M.DCC.XXXIII. Cum aprobatione et privilegio Regis.
  In six volumes:  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 . Retrieved on 2020-07-10.

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Ut rerum omnium, sic linguarum instabilis conditio. Praeclare olim dixit Heraclitus apud a Platonem, τὰ ὄντα ἰέναι τὰ πάντα, καὶ μένειν οὐδὲν. Nec recte minus apud eundem Socrates, μεταπίπτειν πάντα χρήματα, καὶ μηδὲν μένειν. Ea quippe est rerum, quae sub coelo sunt, natura et conditio, ut quemadmodum ortum habent suum, ita etinteritum consequantur. Nihil in iis firmum constansque est, et quod semel in lucem prodiit, abdat se se in decursu temporis, ac tandem extinguatur necesse est: unde belle Seneca dixit, Certis ire cuncta temporibus, nasci debere, crescere et extingui, nullique rei non senectutem suam esse: ita ut quod protulit ac dedit sua sponte natura, quasi tamen beneficii poeniteat, retractare ac resumere videatur, ἡ πάντα δοῦσα καὶ κομίζεται φύσις.

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